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"This study compared staff and resident knowledge, attitudes and practices related to religious expression in long-term care settings. Staff and residents from 13 facilities and organizations providing services to long-term care staff completed a survey related to religion and spirituality in long-term care" (Walker et al. August 1998).
Data File
Cases: 592
Variables: 129
Weight Variable: None
Variables ITEM11 - ITEM43 and AITEM11 - AITEM43 report responses given on items that vary by the module administered (variables ITEM1-10 and AITEM1-10 are the same for all modules). The module items and their variable descriptions by module number are reported at the end of this document.
Variable JOBTITLE reports the qualitative answers to codes found in the data file. The codes follow the module and item descriptions at the end of this document.
Self-administered surveys featuring sets of the eight forms of the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices related to Spirituality and Religion (KAPS-R) were sent to the participating facilities and completed between March and June 1998. All participants were instructed to read the statements and circle either Agree, Disagree, or Don't Know. Average time to complete the survey was 15 minutes.
Sampling Procedures
Staff (N=299) and residents (N=266) from long-term care facilities completed one of eight forms. Facilities included skilled nursing facilities, continuing-care residential communities (CCRCs), retirement apartment complexes and assisted living facilities located in California, Florida, Maryland, Michigan, Oklahoma, Utah and Virginia. Some facilities had affiliations with Protestants, Catholic and Jewish groups, and some were unaffiliated. About half of the participants lived or worked in a facility that had a full-time chaplain.
Coordinators at each site estimated the number of staff and residents available to complete a survey. Each site received a set of surveys with equal numbers of the eight KAPS-R forms along with copies of a letter explaining the project. Approximately half of the surveys were completed.
Principal Investigators
Bonnie L. Walker
Related Publications
Walker, Bonnie L., Ephross, Paul H., Koenig, Harold G., Moberg, David O., Nye, William P., Osgood, Nancy J., & Richardson, James P. Staff and resident knowledge and attitudes toward religion and spirituality in long-term care. Submitted to The Gerontologist February 1999.
Walker, Bonnie L. Religious attitudes, beliefs, and practices of residents in two continuing care residential communities. Under review by the Journal of Applied Gerontology, October 1998.
MODULES
For each of eight topics related to religious expression and spirituality in long-term care, modules were given assessing general program objectives (ITEM01-ITEM10) and 33 separate items assessing one of the eight topics. Responses reported in the data file vary by MODULENU (module number)
Variable Descriptions for variables (ITEM11-ITEM43)in Modules 1-8 are reported below, along with the topic description of the module.
Variables AITEM11-AITEM43 are also variable by module. They are based on the modules' ITEM11-ITEM43, but have been coded as either "correct" or "wrong." "For each of the eight topics, the team developed training objectives and constructed items to assess related knowledge, attitudes and staff practices. Knowledge items were validated by consulting appropriate references; attitudes were considered correct if they reflected religious tolerance; practices were considered correct if they were proactive staff behaviors that would promote opportunities for religious expression and spirituality in long-term care" (Walker et al. 1998).
FOR ALL MODULES:
ITEM1 Staff should help residents so they can participate in the religious activities of their choice. ITEM2 People with Alzheimer's disease no longer have religious and spiritual needs. ITEM3 Being religious and being spiritual are the same thing. ITEM4 There is more to religion and spirituality than going to religious services. ITEM5 People who participate in religious activities tend to be more satisfied with their lives. ITEM6 People with religious faith handle problems more easily than nonreligious people. ITEM7 Staff who are religious or spiritual enjoy their work more than those who are not. ITEM8 Staff have a responsibility to help the residents to express their religious beliefs. ITEM9 The staff needs to know the religious and spiritual needs of each resident. ITEM10 All religious beliefs deserve equal respect.
VARIABLES FOR ITEM11-43 and AITEM11-43 MODULE 1 - Religious Expression in Long-Term Care This module will help staff and other caregivers understand the role religion plays in later life, especially for older people living in various types of long-term care facilities, including assisted living, adult homes, congregate living, retirement communities, adult day care, or the community at large.
ITEM11 Religion is more important to older people than to younger adults. ITEM12 Religion is not important to most young people. ITEM13 Religious services comfort many people with dementia. ITEM14 Many older people like to say grace before a meal. ITEM15 Long-term care facilities should provide time for people to say grace before meals. ITEM16 God created each person with free will. ITEM17 Staff should not make judgments about another person's spirituality. ITEM18 All people have the right to practice their religion in their own way. ITEM19 Religious people make good caregivers. ITEM20 Religious people deal with personal problems better than non-religious people. ITEM21 Religious people tend to be healthier than non-religious people. ITEM22 Religious people usually like to attend worship services regularly. ITEM23 Prayer can have a positive effect on someone's health. ITEM24 When I am sick, I want people to pray for me. ITEM25 I often pray for other people. ITEM26 Religious people get along better in long-term care than non-religious people. ITEM27 Most residents would like to attend a religious service once a week. ITEM28 Long-term care facilities should arrange transportation for residents so they can attend religious events in the community. ITEM29 Staff needs to know the religious beliefs and interests of the residents. ITEM30 It would be helpful if the facility residents worshipped together each week. ITEM31 People who enter long-term care need to find new ways to express their religious faith. ITEM32 Staff should pray with residents. ITEM33 Many people appreciate having someone pray with them. ITEM34 Staff should find volunteers to sing hymns with residents if they ask. ITEM35 Staff and pastors from community churches should work together with the residents to plan religious activities. ITEM36 Many residents want their pastors to visit them. ITEM37 Many of the clergy receive training in pastoral counseling. ITEM38 A chaplain is an important person in a long-term care facility. ITEM39 Chaplains help the staff as well as the residents with spiritual problems. ITEM40 I have witnessed conflict related to religious expression in my facility. ITEM41 Families and residents often disagree about religious issues. ITEM42 The facility administration and staff often disagree with each other about religious issues. ITEM43 Most of the time there is no problem related to religious expression in our facility.
MODULE 2 - The Spiritual Needs of People with Dementia This module will help staff understand the spiritual and religious needs and capabilities of people with dementia. It will explain how religious and spiritual expression can be beneficial.
ITEM11 In my opinion, people with dementia have the same needs as the other residents. ITEM12 It is important for staff to understand the spiritual needs of each resident. ITEM13 Signs of dementia appear suddenly in most people. ITEM14 Most people with dementia keep their long-term memory in early stages of disease. ITEM15 It is not easy to know whether a person has dementia. ITEM16 A religious resident with dementia probably won't want to receive communion. ITEM17 People with dementia continue to have religious and spiritual needs. ITEM18 Spirituality is not important to people with dementia. ITEM19 I think that attending religious services is important for people with dementia. ITEM20 A Jewish resident with dementia will not care about having kosher meals. ITEM21 Residents with dementia are not able to pray. ITEM22 People with Alzheimer's can sometimes remember the words to religious hymns. ITEM23 People with dementia can often remember the words to prayers. ITEM24 Putting a crucifix in the room of a Catholic resident with dementia may be comforting. ITEM25 Some dementia residents respond positively to music that has a spiritual content. ITEM26 Religious activities can improve the quality of life of people with dementia. ITEM27 People with dementia do not care about religious activities. ITEM28 Receiving communion seems comforting to religious people with dementia. ITEM29 Taking a person with dementia to a religious service often calms down the person. ITEM30 Participating in religious services helps people with dementia get used to their surroundings. ITEM31 Staff should help people with dementia attend religious activities in the facility. ITEM32 Reading scriptures to a resident with dementia can improve communication between staff and the resident. ITEM33 It is useful for staff to find out the religious preferences of patients with dementia. ITEM34 Staff can ask residents if they would like them to read scriptures to them. ITEM35 Working with residents with dementia is a satisfying job. ITEM36 Having a strong religious faith helps staff who work with residents with dementia. ITEM37 Staff can help people with dementia find religious programming on TV or radio if they seem to enjoy it. ITEM38 It is part of the staff's job to take residents with dementia to religious services in the facility. ITEM39 The spiritual needs of a resident with dementia should be part of the care plan. ITEM40 I think that staff should pray with religious residents who have dementia. ITEM41 Staff can communicate with residents with dementia through religious activities. ITEM42 People with dementia should worship separately because they might disturb the service. ITEM43 It is helpful for staff to sing religious songs to religious residents with dementia.
MODULE 3 - End-of-Life Issues (Dealing with Death and Dying) This module helps staff understand end-of-life issues, especially those related to death and dying, the role of spirituality and religious expression, and respond appropriately.
ITEM11 Staff should help residents with end-of-life issues. ITEM12 Often a staff member is the only person there to help a resident at the end-of-life. ITEM13 Hearing is the last sense to go when a person is dying. ITEM14 Staff should recognize behaviors normal for someone in pain. ITEM15 It is part of the staff's job to offer emotional support to other residents when someone dies at the facility. ITEM16 It is best if staff doesn't get emotionally involved with a dying resident. ITEM17 Staff should distance themselves from dying residents. ITEM18 It is not a good idea to talk with a resident about death and dying. ITEM19 Staff shouldn't encourage a resident to talk about his feelings about death. ITEM20 The staff should be willing to talk about death when a resident brings up the topic. ITEM21 Staff should listen patiently if a dying resident talks about doubts about heaven, fears about death or anger. ITEM22 Spiritual beliefs are helpful to people who are dying. ITEM23 Prayer is often comforting to someone close to death. ITEM24 Staff should tell a resident who is angry about dying that God loves him or her. ITEM25 You can comfort a dying person by holding his hand. ITEM26 Staff should encourage all residents who are close to death to fight back. ITEM27 Staff members must be careful not to "preach" to residents or try to convert them, even if they are dying. ITEM28 If a resident asks, it is acceptable for a staff member to pray with them. ITEM29 Staff should arrange for a visit from a clergy if the resident requests it. ITEM30 It is important for staff to know the religious affiliations of residents in their care. ITEM31 Hospice is an important resource for staff when residents are dying. ITEM32 Suicide is an appropriate choice for older people who are very ill. ITEM33 Many people want to say good-bye to their friends and family when they believe they are dying. ITEM34 Staff should help people say good-bye to their friends if asked. ITEM35 It's normal for dying people to see visions of family and friends who have died. ITEM36 Dying people frequently report seeing visions of family members and friends who have died. ITEM37 All religions believe in life after death. ITEM38 It is important to practicing Catholics for a priest to give them the last rites before they die. ITEM39 Some Protestants will want a clergy to anoint them if they are near death. ITEM40 Orthodox Jews must be buried with 24 hours of death. ITEM41 Some religious faiths do not permit cremation. ITEM42 When a resident asks why God allows them to suffer, staff should call a pastor or rabbi. ITEM43 Memorial services are healing events for family, staff, and other residents.
MODULE 4 - Bereavement and End-of-life Losses This module will help long-term care staff better understand and respond to end-of-life losses and resident bereavement.
ITEM11 Staff members do not need to understand the spiritual needs of the residents. ITEM12 Most staff do not need special training to help people who are grieving. ITEM13 Most people enter long-term care because of a major, recent loss. ITEM14 Moving to a nursing home results in a loss of privacy and personal freedom. ITEM15 Moving is an extremely stressful event for people at any age. ITEM16 Nearly everyone is depressed when they first move into long-term care. ITEM17 I think that strong religious faith helps people deal with their losses. ITEM18 Religious activities play a major role in the lives of the majority of older people. ITEM19 Leaving a familiar church or synagogue is difficult for religious people when they move to a long-term care facility. ITEM20 People in long-term care continue to experience new losses. ITEM21 Religious people handle difficult situations better than non-religious people. ITEM22 Prayer can help residents overcome their problems. ITEM23 It is pleasant to be around religious people. ITEM24 Having religious symbols in the room is comforting to religious people. ITEM25 Staff need to help residents create a space that is entirely theirs and reflects their personalities. ITEM26 Staff should encourage residents to show their family photos and talk about family members. ITEM27 Staff should encourage residents to talk about their own religious beliefs. ITEM28 It is a waste of time to develop a relationship with people who have a short time to live. ITEM29 It is helpful for residents to discuss feelings about their lives with staff. ITEM30 Talking about the past often helps people deal with the present. ITEM31 Grieving after a loss is normal. ITEM32 Religious people do not need to grieve. ITEM33 Brief periods of depression are normal when people experience losses. ITEM34 Staff should call a trained professional to treat a person with severe depression. ITEM35 Chaplains are trained to help people deal with sadness and loss. ITEM36 Grieving for an important loss often requires one or two years. ITEM37 Thinking about suicide is a common response to a major loss. ITEM38 Listening to music is spiritually uplifting to many people. ITEM39 I often turn on the TV when I come into a room. ITEM40 Staff should encourage a depressed person to become involved in religious activities. ITEM41 Staff can encourage residents to pray for them. ITEM42 Older people can remain useful and loving to others through spiritual activities and religious expression. ITEM43 Residents should be allowed to make their own choices whenever possible.
MODULE 5 - Knowledge of Faiths and Their Expression This module expands staff knowledge of the differences in expression of religious faith and spirituality among the major religious faiths with the goal of increasing tolerance towards diversity.
ITEM11 People of all religious beliefs live in long-term care. ITEM12 People can learn a lot by talking about their religious beliefs with each other. ITEM13 Long-term care residents have very different ideas about religion. ITEM14 Religion is very important to the majority of people in long-term care. ITEM15 Some people are spiritual even though they aren't religious. ITEM16 All long-term care facilities should allow residents to worship God the way they choose or not to worship at all. ITEM17 Long-term care facilities should be sure that all residents can practice the religious faith of their choice. ITEM18 All religions believe that people have free will. ITEM19 Each person has free will to decide what to believe about God. ITEM20 God gave each person the choice of whether to believe in him or not. ITEM21 God loves all people the same. ITEM22 In my opinion, all religions worship the same God. ITEM23 Facilities should help Christians celebrate the birth of Christ. ITEM24 Some Christian services do not include hymn singing. ITEM25 Facilities should provide a Sabbath service for Jewish residents. ITEM26 The Bible is the only book that was divinely inspired. ITEM27 The Torah is the holy book of the Jews. ITEM28 Facilities should have a chapel without religious symbols if they have members of many faiths. ITEM29 Hindus believe in daily meditation. ITEM30 Moslems stop each day at the same time to pray no matter where they are. ITEM31 Staff should call a priest to administer last rites for Catholic residents who are dying. ITEM32 Hindus believe in reincarnation. ITEM33 Some Christians believe that any use of alcohol is a sin. ITEM34 Most Seventh Day Adventists do not eat meat. ITEM35 Facilities should not serve pork to Moslems and Orthodox Jews. ITEM36 Christian Scientists generally will not accept medical treatment. ITEM37 Facilities should not serve caffeine beverages to people whose religions prohibit using them. ITEM38 Unitarians do not believe that Jesus Christ was the son of God. ITEM39 I believe that people can be healed through prayer. ITEM40 Some religious people like to attend religious services, others don't. ITEM41 Some religious faiths don't permit cremation. ITEM42 Staff should arrange for someone to come to the facility to serve communion to Christians at least once a month. ITEM43 Staff should allow time for residents to pray before meals.
MODULE 6 - Creating a Spiritual Environment This module helps staff understand the need for a spiritually enhanced environment and what they can do to create and maintain it.
ITEM11 The place where you live has a lot to do with your quality of life. ITEM12 Staff have a responsibility to create a pleasant environment for the residents. ITEM13 Staff should care for the residents' spirits as well as their bodies. ITEM14 It is possible to have a good quality of life while living in a nursing home. ITEM15 Everyone enjoys beauty in their environment. ITEM16 The temperature in the room should be comfortable for the resident, not the staff. ITEM17 Staff should pick up any trash they see in the facility. ITEM18 A clean room is the most important thing to almost everyone. ITEM19 Smoking is forbidden in most long-term care facilities. ITEM20 Many people are allergic to perfume and deodorants. ITEM21 When possible, staff should put a chair beside the window so the resident can look out. ITEM22 Residents of long-term care should be allowed to have pets. ITEM23 Staff should put bird feeders outside residents' windows and maintain them. ITEM24 Residents often find arranging flowers to be a spiritually fulfilling activity. ITEM25 Staff should help residents take care of their plants, if help is needed. ITEM26 Residents need to communicate with nature whenever possible. ITEM27 Everyone needs a quiet place to go. ITEM28 Spiritual people must have opportunities for meditation. ITEM29 All facilities should have a place where residents and staff can pray. ITEM30 Staff should help residents find a quiet place when they ask. ITEM31 Loneliness causes more pain to residents than physical illness. ITEM32 Staff should greet residents by name when they pass them in the hall. ITEM33 Staff should smile at residents as often as possible. ITEM34 Most residents in my facility enjoy interaction with children. ITEM35 Staff should ask residents before turning on the TV. ITEM36 For many residents, the staff are the most important people in their lives. ITEM37 Staff should talk softly (or not at all) if a resident is sleeping. ITEM38 Listening to soft, pleasant music adds to a resident's quality of life. ITEM39 Many residents enjoy singing religious music. ITEM40 A good facility offers the residents freedom of choice whenever possible. ITEM41 Residents should be allowed to choose their roommates. ITEM42 Residents should be encouraged to be independent as long as possible. ITEM43 People who feel as though they are in control are not as likely to be depressed as people who feel out of control.
MODULE 7 - The Need for Continuity in LTC Continuity is an important need for people moving to LTC. This module helps staff see the need for continuity and ways they can help this happen.
ITEM11 People continue to grow and change throughout their lives. ITEM12 Most older adults are capable of adapting to changes in their environment. ITEM13 The religious beliefs of older adults can change just like those of younger adults. ITEM14 Older people living in long-term care facilities continue to use their life experiences to make choices. ITEM15 People who do not learn from their experiences do not adapt well to new experiences when they are old. ITEM16 Many older people would rather attend religious activities at the facility where they live than to attend services in the community. ITEM17 Older people pray, meditate and read scriptures more than they did when they were younger. ITEM18 Older people tend to be more spiritual than younger people. ITEM19 Staff should ask residents for advice when appropriate. ITEM20 Moving into long-term care is a major life change for most residents. ITEM21 People who were unhappy when they were young are usually unhappy when they are old. ITEM22 Life in a nursing home offers the residents opportunities for growth and change. ITEM23 Each resident values his sexual identity (being a man or a woman) as much as they ever did. ITEM24 Residents often miss attending religious services at their former house of [worship,] church or synagogue. ITEM25 A person's physical appearance is not a good measure of what that person is really like. ITEM26 I think that a person can be in poor health and still be happy. ITEM27 People who have been religious all their lives find religious activities important in old age. ITEM28 Residents may want to attend religious services to meet friends and sing songs and familiar hymns. ITEM29 After a religious service, residents may like to have refreshments and talk to their friends. ITEM30 Staff need to ask residents about their religious beliefs. ITEM31 Helping people express their religious beliefs should be a part of the care plan. ITEM32 Most older people want to continue their religious activities when they move to a long-term care facility. ITEM33 Staff has a responsibility to provide opportunities for people to attend religious services. ITEM34 Staff can help residents cope with changes in their lives by listening sympathetically to their concerns. ITEM35 Our lives have meaning that continues after we die. ITEM36 Staff should reassure residents that their lives have meaning. ITEM37 The value of a person does not depend on his past. ITEM38 Staff should tell the residents that they are important. ITEM39 Staff should help residents find opportunities to do things for others. ITEM40 I enjoy sharing personal experiences with other people. ITEM41 Spiritually alert residents can serve others through their attitudes, words and prayers. ITEM42 Staff work is easier when residents participate in their own care. ITEM43 Long-term care administrators should consider the spiritual needs of both staff and residents.
MODULE 8 - Resident Rights Issues This module discusses resident rights issues, such as freedom of religion (to be religious or not to be), freedom to be proactive in their faith in the manner that they choose (including the right to attend services of the denomination of their choice), obligations and limitations of the facility to provide transportation to religious opportunities and problems related to pragmatic limitations.
ITEM11 Most people living in long-term care are able to attend the church or synagogue of their choice. ITEM12 Residents in nursing homes should have the same rights and responsibilities as people living in the community. ITEM13 Residents of long-term care facilities have all of their rights as citizens. ITEM14 People living in long-term care facilities have the right to vote. ITEM15 In the U.S., Christianity is the official religion. ITEM16 Each person is free to decide what to believe about God. ITEM17 People living in long-term care have the right to go to the church or synagogue of their choice. ITEM18 The U.S. Constitution guarantees freedom of religion. ITEM19 The Bible guarantees freedom of religion. ITEM20 Residents in long-term care have the legal right to demand transportation to the church or synagogue of their choice. ITEM21 People with dementia should be allowed to attend religious services. ITEM22 If a person is judged to be incompetent, someone must be appointed to act on that person's behalf. ITEM23 Staff should take dementia patients to religious services even if they seem to object. ITEM24 It is morally wrong to deny someone the opportunity to attend religious services. ITEM25 It is wrong to see that someone has violated a resident's rights and not try to restore them. ITEM26 Staff should not make non-believers attend religious activities. ITEM27 I think people have the right to die if that is their choice. ITEM28 Christian Scientists do not believe in medical treatment. ITEM29 Residents have the right to make decisions about their religious expression. ITEM30 It is good for residents to attend religious services. ITEM31 Staff should always ask permission before turning on a TV or radio. ITEM32 In a long-term care facility, the residents make the rules for their rooms. ITEM33 Staff and visitors should knock before entering a resident's room even if the door is open. ITEM34 The resident can make rules about staff behavior in his room. ITEM35 Staff should respect a person's choice not to eat certain foods. ITEM36 Staff should tell the resident if they disagree with the resident's religious beliefs. ITEM37 It is okay for a staff to try to convert a non-believer to their religious faith. ITEM38 Everyone has a right to their own religious beliefs. ITEM39 When residents talk about their own religious beliefs, they violate the rights of the staff. ITEM40 Facilities should find transportation so that residents can attend the church or synagogue of their choice. ITEM41 Staff should make sure that all residents know about any religious activity or event at the facility. ITEM42 Staff should welcome volunteers to help residents with religious needs. ITEM43 Staff should contact the resident's church or synagogue if that person is no longer able to attend services.
Codes for JOBTITLE
4 Academic 5 Accountant 6 Acting Administrator 8 Activity Aide 9 Activity Assistant 10 Activity Coordinator 11 Activity Director 12 Activity Fitness 13 Addiction 14 Administrative Assistant 18 Administrator 19 Admissions Assistant 20 Advertising 21 Aide 22 Analyst 23 Army Budget 24 Art Historian 25 Assistant 26 Assistant Coordinator 27 Assistant Director 28 Attorney 29 Bank Clerk 30 Beautician 31 Biostatistician 32 Bookkeeper 33 Builder 34 Busboy 35 Business 36 Business Development 37 Cabdriver 38 Cabinetmaker 39 Cancer Biologist 40 Caregiver 41 Caretaker 42 Cartographer 43 Case Manager 44 CENA/CLA 45 CEO 46 Certified Nurse 47 Charge Nurse 48 Charge/Medicine 49 Chemical Engineer 50 Chemist 51 Civil Engineer 53 Clergy 54 Clerical 55 Clerk 56 Clinical 57 CMA 58 CNA 61 Communication 62 Community Living 63 Community Skills 64 Computer Science 65 Construction Engineer 66 Consultant 67 Cook 69 Coordinator 70 Cosmetologist 71 CPA 72 CST 73 Dietary Aide 74 Dietetic Tech 75 Dietitian 76 Dining Service 77 Direct Care Supervisor 78 Direct Care Worker 79 Director 80 Domestic 81 DON 82 DRA 83 Earth Science 84 Economist 85 Editorial 86 Educational 87 Engineer 88 Environment 89 Espionage 90 Executive Director 92 Farmer 93 Financial 94 Floor Aide 95 Floor Assistant 96 Floral Arranger 97 Florist 99 Food Service 100 Foreign Service 101 Geriatric Nurse 102 GNA 103 Government 105 Homemaker 106 Hotel Manager 107 House Supervisor 108 House Tech 109 Housekeeper 110 Housewife 113 Human Resources 114 IBM Operator 115 Indexer 116 Instructor 117 IRS 118 Journalist 119 Labor 120 Laundry 121 Lawyer 122 Librarian 123 Line Server 124 LPN 125 LPN Charge Nurse 126 LPN Rehab 127 LPN Student 128 LPN/Administration 129 Medication 130 Maintenance 131 Manager 132 Marketing 133 Mathematics 134 Medical 135 Medicine 136 Medicine Aide 137 Meteorologist 138 Military 139 Mill Work 140 Minister 141 Meeting Planner 143 Music Education 144 Naval Architect 145 Navy, Aerospace 146 Nurse 147 Nurse Manager 148 Nurse Supervisor 149 Nursing Assistant 150 Nutritionist 151 Office Coordinator 152 Office Manager 153 Optical Engineer 154 Occupational Therapy 155 Other 156 Owner/Administrator 157 Packing House 158 Pastor 159 Payroll 162 Personal Assistant 163 Pharmacy Assistant 164 Physical Therapy 165 Physician 166 Piano Teacher 167 Postal Clerk 169 Professor 170 Program Manager 171 Project Manager 173 Psychologist 174 Public Relations 175 Purchasing 176 Psychiatrist 177 RCA and MAT 178 Real Estate 179 Receptionist 180 Research 181 Resident Service 182 Residential 183 Restaurant Owner 184 RN 185 RNC 186 Seamstress 187 Secretary 188 Senior Activities 189 Social Activities 190 Social Worker 191 Staff Development 192 Statistician 193 Stenographer 194 Student 195 Supervisor 196 Supply 197 Switchboard 198 Teacher 199 Telephone 200 Theologian 201 Trainee 202 Training Coordinator 203 Unemployed 204 Unit Manager 205 Van Driver 206 Volunteer 207 Waitress 210 Other
