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National / Regional Profiles

Included Nations/Regions: Romania [x], Eastern Europe [x], The World [x]


Religion and State (RAS) Indexes1

Religion Indexes (Romania)

State Funding of Religion
Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3)

Ranking: 13/253
Societal Discrimination of Minority Religions
Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3)

Ranking: 27/253
State Regulation of Majority or All Religions
Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3)

Ranking: 92/253
State Discrimination of Minority Religions
Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3)

Ranking: 43/253
For details on how these indexes were constructed, click here

Romania: Major World Religions (1900 - 2050) (World Religion Database, 2020)2

The following groups with less than 1% of the population were hidden from this graph: Baha'is, Buddhists, Chinese folk-religionists, Jews, Muslims, New religionists, Nonreligious.


Romania: Largest Religious Groups (1900 - 2050) (World Religion Database, 2020)2

The following groups with less than 1% of the population were hidden from this graph: Agnostics, Atheists, doubly-affiliated, Mahayanists, Sunnis, unaffiliated Christians.


Religious Adherents (World Religion Database 2020)2

Religion Romania
[x]
Eastern Europe
[x]
The World
[x]
Baha'is 0.01% 0.01% 0.11%
Buddhists 0.00% 0.22% 6.83%
--Mahayanists 0.00% 0.06% 4.89%
--Theravadins --- --- 1.72%
--Lamaists --- 0.16% 0.23%
Chinese folk-religionists 0.00% 0.00% 5.98%
Christians 98.55% 83.92% 32.16%
--unaffiliated Christians 0.05% 0.85% 1.46%
--Orthodox 88.89% 61.33% 3.75%
--Catholics 7.28% 18.85% 15.90%
--Protestants 10.24% 2.72% 7.51%
--Independents 1.20% 1.31% 5.00%
Daoists --- --- 0.11%
Confucianists --- --- 0.11%
Ethnic religionists --- 0.37% 3.65%
Hindus --- 0.02% 13.58%
--Vaishnavites --- 0.01% 5.15%
--Shaivites --- 0.01% 4.86%
--Saktists --- 0.01% 3.57%
Jains --- --- 0.08%
Jews 0.02% 0.09% 0.19%
Muslims 0.42% 6.50% 24.20%
--Sunnis 0.42% 6.26% 21.56%
--Shias --- 0.24% 2.44%
--Islamic schismatics --- --- 0.21%
New religionists 0.02% 0.01% 0.85%
Shintoists --- --- 0.04%
Sikhs --- 0.00% 0.34%
Spiritists --- 0.00% 0.19%
Zoroastrians --- --- 0.00%
Non-Religious 0.98% 8.87% 11.57%
--Agnostics 0.82% 7.63% 9.65%
--Atheists 0.15% 1.23% 1.92%

Religious demographics (Romania)3

The country has an area of 91,699 square miles and a population of 21.7 million. According to the 2002 census, Romanian Orthodox believers (including the Orthodox Serb Bishopric of Timisoara) comprised 86.8 percent of the population. Roman Catholics 4.7 percent, and Greek Catholics less than 1 percent. The Greek Catholic Church claimed that their church membership was undercounted in the official census and estimated that its adherents comprise 3.6 percent of the population. The following religious groups comprised less than 2 percent of the population: Old Rite Russian Christian (Orthodox) Church, Protestant Reformed Church, Christian Evangelical Church, Romanian Evangelical Church, Evangelical Augustinian Church, Lutheran Evangelical Church, Unitarian Church of Romania, Baptist Church, Apostolic Church of God (Pentecostal Church), Seventh-day Adventist Church, Armenian Church, Judaism, Islam, Jehovah's Witnesses, the Baha'i Faith, the Family (God's Children), the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), the Unification Church, the Methodist Church, the Presbyterian Church, Transcendental Meditation, Hare Krishna, and Zen Buddhism.

Most religious groups have followers dispersed throughout the country, although a few religious communities are concentrated in particular regions. Old Rite members (Lippovans) are located in Moldavia and Dobrogea. Most Muslims are located in the southeastern part of the country. Most Greek Catholics reside in Transylvania, but there are also Greek Catholics in Bucharest and the Banat and Crisana regions. Protestant and Catholic believers tend to be in Transylvania, but many also are located around Bacau. Orthodox and Greek Catholic ethnic Ukrainians live mostly in the northwestern part of the country. Orthodox ethnic Serbs are primarily in Banat. Armenians are concentrated in Moldavia and the south. Members of the Protestant Reformed, RomanCatholic, Unitarian, and Lutheran churches from Transylvania are virtually all ethnic Hungarians.

Approximately 31 percent of the population claims to attend religious services several times a month, according to a September 2007 poll.

Summary Information

Romania
[x]
Eastern Europe
[x]
The World
[x]
Region Eastern Europe The World --
Total Population4 21,616,761 290,617,205 7,335,774,068
Area in square miles 92,043 7,183,637 196,939,900
Life Expectancy from birth, in years5 70.9 73.9 71.9
Gross National Income per capita, in current international dollars5 22,950.0 21,061.0 16,101.0
Description of Polity Score6 (strongly democratic) -- --
Judicial Independence Composite Score, as average of scores for higher and lower courts7 2.3 0.5 0.8
Official Religion(s)8 None named -- --

Romania - Google Map


Religion and the State

Religion and State Collection (2014)

Romania
[x]
Is proselytizing Legal?1 Yes
Is religious registration someties denied?1 Registration is required but sometimes denied
What are the consequences of registration?1 Groups are officially required to register, and the government enforces this and discriminates against unregistered groups.
Official Support: The formal relationship between religion and state.1 Multi-Tiered Preferences 1
The extent to which religious education is mandatory in public schools.1 Optional, or there is a choice between a religion and a non-religion course on topics like ethics, philosophy, or religions of the world.
The extent to which funding is exclusive to one or a few religions.1 Government funding of religion goes primarily to one religion but at least some other religions receive some funds.
The extent to which there are religious requirements and oaths for holding office.1 Some or all officials must take an oath of office which includes mention of God or religion in general.

Constitutional Features [ View Excerpts]

Constitution

Romania
[x]
Constitution Year10 1991
Last Amended10 2003
Source10 Constitute Project
Translation10 Source is an English translation, edited by ARDA staff.
Current as of10 July 29, 2018

Public Opinion (Romania)

(Calculated by the ARDA from the World Values Survey)11
1993 1998 1999 2005 2012
Religious Affiliation/Identification
Percent belonging to a religious denomination. 94.1 100 97.6 --- 98.6
Percent identifying as a religious person. 74.5 83.6 84.8 93.4 83.4
Percent raised religious. 77 78.3 --- --- ---
Religious Behaviors
Percent attending religious services at least once a month. 30.6 40 46.4 45.9 43.4
Percent praying to God more than once per week. --- --- 69.5 --- 78.9
Percent that meditate or pray. 86.4 --- 93.5 95.8 ---
Percent attending religious services at least once a month when 12 years old. --- --- 61 --- ---
Percent that changed denominations. --- --- 35.7 --- ---
Percent active in a church or religious organization. --- 14.9 --- 5.4 10.8
Religious Beliefs
Percent believing in God. 93.7 96.8 96.3 --- 95.9
Percent believing in heaven. 57.5 76 75.1 --- ---
Percent believing in hell. 42.6 68.1 71.4 --- 79.6
Percent believing in life after death. 57.7 72.2 67.8 --- ---
Percent believing that there are clear guidelines on good and evil. 23.4 56.6 39.5 --- ---
Percent believing that politicians who do not believe in God are unfit for public office. --- --- 52 49 ---
Percent believing that religious leaders should not influence people's vote. --- --- 77.9 73.2 ---
Percent believing that things would be better if there are more people with strong religious beliefs. --- --- 64.7 61.5 ---
Percent that think that religious faith is an important quality in children --- --- --- 62.8 51.6
Percent that agree: We depend too much on science and not enough on faith --- --- --- 63.8 45.6
Percent believing church gives answers to people's spiritual needs. 77.6 --- 88.9 88.9 ---
Percent that do not trust people of other religions --- --- --- 69.4 77.9
Percent believing church gives answers on family life problems. 52.9 --- 78.5 69.6 ---
Percent believing churches give answers to moral problems. 61.8 --- 80.7 79 ---
Percent that often think about meaning and purpose of life --- --- --- 52.4 53.9
Percent believing churches give answers to social problems. 32.4 --- 52.2 44.9 ---
Percent believing that religious leaders should influence the government. --- --- 9.8 75.9 ---
Percent believing that people have a soul. 76.1 89.2 --- --- ---
Percent believing in the concept of sin. 76.7 88.9 90.6 --- ---
Percent believing religious services are important for deaths. 88.7 --- 97.9 --- ---
Percent believing religious services are important for births. 86 --- 97.6 --- ---
Percent believing religious services are important for marriages. 91.8 --- 98.3 --- ---
Percent believing in a personal God. 36.4 --- 37.3 --- ---
Percent believing in telepathy. --- --- 66.5 --- ---
Percent believing in re-incarnation. 24.1 --- 28 --- ---
Percent believing in the devil's existence. 42.3 71.3 --- --- ---
Percent that think that it is more important to follow religious norms and ceremonies than to do good for other people --- --- --- --- 23.7
Percent that think the meaning of religion is to make sense of life in this world --- --- --- --- 81.6
Percent that agree that whenever science and religion conflict, religion is always right --- --- --- --- 54.9
Percent that agree that the "only acceptable religion is my religion." --- --- --- --- 45
Percent that agree that all religions should be taught in public schools --- --- --- --- 59.3
Percent that agree, "People who belong to different religions are probably just as moral as those who belong to mine." --- --- --- --- 82.5
Percent that agree, "One of the bad effects of science is that it breaks down people’s ideas of right and wrong." --- --- --- --- 38.3
Religious Experiences
Percent finding comfort and strength from religion. 75.7 83.7 86.6 --- ---
Percent saying that they have a lucky charm. --- --- 18.8 --- ---
Percent considering that a lucky charm definitely does not provide protection. --- --- 13 --- ---
Attitudes
Percent considering religion important. 74.6 76.8 79.1 90.4 84
Percent considering that God is not at all important in their life. 4.7 3.3 2.7 0.9 2.1
Percent confident in religious organizations. 72.4 80.5 82.7 88.1 73.5
Politics
Percent thinking that churches have an influence on national politics. --- --- 53.5 --- ---
Percent agreeing that the government protects personal freedom. --- --- --- --- 21.4

Socio-Economic Measures

Military Measures

Romania
[x]
Eastern Europe
[x]
The World
[x]
Composite Index of National Capability, in fraction of 118 0.0023578 0.0063366 0.005162584
2012 Military expenditure (% of GDP)5 1.4 2.9 --

Other Measures on Religion, State, and Society


Constitution Clauses Related to Religion


Constitution Excerpts (clauses that reference religion) (Romania)10

Article 4. The unity of the people and equality among citizens

...

(2) Romania is the common and indivisible homeland of all its citizens regardless of ... religion ...

Article 6. The right to identity.

(1) The state recognizes and guarantees for members of the national minorities the right to preserve, develop, and express their ... religious identity.

...

Article 7. Romanians abroad.

The state supports the strengthening of links with Romanians outside the country's borders and works for the preservation, development, and expression of their ... religious identity, by respecting the legislation of the state of which they are citizens.

Article 29. Freedom of conscience.

(1) Freedom of thought and opinion, as well as the freedom of religious belief, may not be restricted in any way. No one can be forced to adopt an opinion or to espouse a religious belief contrary to his/her convictions.

(2) Freedom of conscience is guaranteed; it must be expressed in a spirit of tolerance and mutual respect.

(3) All religions are free and organized in accordance with their own statutes, under the terms defined by the law.

(4) All forms, means, acts, or actions of religious enmity are prohibited in the relationship between the religions.

(5) The religious sects are autonomous in relation to the state and enjoy its support, which includes measures facilitating religious assistance in the Army, in hospitals, penitentiaries, asylums, and orphanages.

(6) Parents or guardians have the right to ensure, in accordance with their own convictions, the education of minor children for whom they are responsible.

Article 30. Freedom of expression.

...

(7) Any ... incitement to ... religious hatred ... shall be prohibited by law.

...

Article 32. The right to education.

...

(7) The state will ensure freedom of religious education in accordance with the specific requirements of each faith. In the state schools, religious education is organized and guaranteed by law.

Article 42. The prohibition of forced labor.

...

(2) The following do not constitute forced labor:

(a) activities in the military service or activities which, in accordance with the law, are carried out in lieu thereof due to religious ... reasons;

...

Article 44. Right to private property.

...

(4) Nationalizations and all other forcible transfers of assets into public ownership based on the owner's ... religious ... status ... are prohibited.

...

Article 48. The family.

...

(2) ... A religious marriage ceremony can be celebrated only after the civil ceremony.

...

Article 73. Categories of laws.

...

(3) The following matters are regulated by organic law:

...

(s) the general rules dealing with religions;

...

Variable Details

  • For more details on State Funding of Religion (FUN_4CAT) see this document.
  • For more details on Societal Discrimination of Minority Religions (SOC_4CAT) see this document.
  • For more details on State Regulation of Majority or All Religions (NXX_4CAT) see this document.
  • For more details on State Discrimination of Minority Religions (MXX_4CAT) see this document.
  • Sources

    1 The Religion and State (RAS) Project is a university-based project located at Bar Ilan University in Ramat Gan, Israel and is directed by Jonathan Fox. Round 3 of the RAS includes all countries with populations of 250,000 or more as well as a sampling of smaller states and offers annual measures from 1990 to 2014. The methods used for conducting the RAS3 collection and the complete codebook can be reviewed online. Or, the codebook and data file can be downloaded free of charge here. For details on how the RAS indexes reported on the ARDA’s National Profiles were coded, constructed, and placed into categories, click here.

    2 Todd M. Johnson and Brian J. Grim, eds. World Religion Database (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2022).

    3 The U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom Report is submitted to Congress annually by the Department of State in compliance with Section 102(b) of the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) of 1998. This report supplements the most recent Human Rights Reports by providing additional detailed information with respect to matters involving international religious freedom. It includes individual country chapters on the status of religious freedom worldwide. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. These State Department reports are open source.

    4 The Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project: Demographics reports the estimates of religious demographics, both country by country and region by region. The RCS was created to fulfill the unmet need for a dataset on the religious dimensions of countries of the world, with the state-year as the unit of observation. It estimates populations and percentages of adherents of 100 religious denominations including second level subdivision within Christianity and Islam. The RCS Data Project would like to acknowledge, recognize, and express our deepest gratitude for the significant contributions of Todd M. Johnson the co-principal investigator of the World Religion Database.

    5 Relying on agencies from each country, as well as a synthesis of data from United Nations divisions, Eurostate Demographic statistics, the U.S. Census international database, and its own data collection, the World Bank's Open Data site offers free and open access to data about development in countries around the globe.

    6 The Center for Systemic Peace (CSP) is engaged in innovative research on the problem of political violence within the structural context of the dynamic global system. The Center supports scientific research and quantitative analysis in many issue areas related to the fundamental problems of violence in both human relations and societal-systemic development processes. The Center continually monitors political behavior in each of the world's major states and reports on emerging issues and persisting conditions related to the problems of political violence and "state failure." A dataset with these and other international measures can be downloaded from here. Used with permission. *Note: Polity Scores range from -10 to 10 and include the following categories: -10 to -9: strongly autocratic, -8 to -7 autocratic, -6 to -4 weakly autocratic, -3 to +3 anocratic, +4 to +6 weakly democratic, +7 to +8 democratic, +9 to +10 strongly democratic.

    7 Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) is a new approach to conceptualizing and measuring democracy. V-Dem provides a multidimensional and disaggregated dataset that reflects the complexity of the concept of democracy as a system of rule that goes beyond simple presence of elections. The V-Dem project distinguishes between seven high-level principles of democracy: electoral, liberal, participatory, deliberative, egalitarian, majoritarian, and consensual, and collects data to measure these principles. A dataset with these and other international measures can be downloaded from here. Used with permission.

    8 The Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project: Government Religious Preference (GRP) measures government-level favoritism toward, and disfavor against, 30 religious denominations. A series of ordered categorical variables index the state's institutional favoritism in 28 different ways. The variables are combined to form five composite indices for five broad components of state-religion: official status, religious education, financial support, regulatory burdens, and freedom of practice. The five components' composites in turn are further combined into a single composite score, the GRP score. The RCS Data Project would like to acknowledge, recognize, and express our deepest gratitude for the significant contributions of Todd M. Johnson, the principal investigator of the World Christian Database, the co-principal investigator of the World Religion Database, and co-author of the World Christian Encyclopedia series.

    9 Data under the "Features of Constitution" heading are drawn from coding of the U.S. State Department's 2008 International Religious Freedom Reports conducted by researchers at the Association of Religion Data Archives. The article by Brian Grim and Roger Finke describes the coding of the International Religious Freedom reports. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.

    10 Text from country constitutions was copied from primary documents obtained online using a variety of sources, including the Constitute Project, World Constitutions Illustrated, and government sources. When the text was in a language other than English, it was translated to English by ARDA staff or with web-based translation utilities such as Google Translate. Emphases were added to the text by ARDA staff to differentiate religious content from non-religious content. Text is current to the date listed in the "Current as of" field shown above. Please contact us at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. if you are aware of any incorrect information provided on this page.

    11 The World Values Survey is a worldwide investigation of socio-cultural and political change. It is conducted by a network of social scientists at leading universities around the world. Interviews have been carried out with nationally representative samples of the publics of more than 80 societies. A total of four waves have been carried out since 1981. The ARDA has averaged the weighted responses across the waves for each country surveyed. The average responses for all countries have been placed in a single file and can be previewed and downloaded here. See the World Values Survey website for further information and to download the original survey data: http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/.

    12 Freedom House is an independent non-governmental organization that offers measures of the extent to which governments are accountable to their own people; the rule of law prevails; and freedoms of expression, association, belief and respect for the rights of minorities and women are guaranteed. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.

    13 The CIA's World Factbook was created as an annual summary and update to the now defunct National Intelligence Survey (NIS) studies. The first classified Factbook was published in August 1962, and the first unclassified version was published in June 1971. The NIS program was terminated in 1973 except for the Factbook, map, and gazetteer components. The 1975 Factbook was the first to be made available to the public with sales through the US Government Printing Office (GPO). The year 2010 marks the 67th year of the World Factbook and its predecessor programs. The maps and flags are also from the World Factbook, which is an open source.

    14 Relying on agencies from each country, as well as a synthesis of data from United Nations divisions, Eurostate Demographic statistics, the U.S. Census international database, and its own data collection, the World Bank's Open Data site offers free and open access to data about development in countries around the globe.

    15 The Heritage Foundation/Wall Street Journal Index of Economic Freedom is a systematic, empirical measurement of economic freedom in countries throughout the world. A set of objective economic criteria are used to study and grade various countries for the annual publication of the Index of Economic Freedom. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.

    16 The United Nations Human Development Reports provide data and statistical analysis in various areas of human development. The Human Development Report (HDR) presents two types of statistics: the human development indicator tables, which provide a global assessment of country achievements in different areas of human development, and thematic statistical analysis. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.

    17 The 2013 Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality in achievements between women and men in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labor market. It varies between zero (when women and men fare equally) and one (when men or women fare poorly compared to the other in all dimensions). The health dimension is measured by two indicators: maternal mortality ratio and the adolescent fertility rate. The empowerment dimension is also measured by two indicators: the share of parliamentary seats held by each sex and by secondary and higher education attainment levels. The labor dimension is measured by women’s participation in the work force. Source: The United Nations Human Development Reports provide data and statistical analysis in various areas of human development. The Human Development Report (HDR) presents two types of statistics: the human development indicator tables, which provide a global assessment of country achievements in different areas of human development, and thematic statistical analysis. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.

    18 Military data is drawn from the National Material Capabilities (v4.0) dataset, which is a component of and hosted by the Correlates of War Project. The Correlates of War Project seeks to facilitate the collection, dissemination, and use of accurate and reliable quantitative data in international relations. Correlates of War data may be accessed through the above link. Used with permission.

    19 The article by Brian Grim and Roger Finke describes the coding of the U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom reports. The 2003, 2005, and 2008 reports were coded by researchers at the Association of Religion Data Archives. The GRI, GFI and SRI values reported on the National Profiles are averages from the 2003, 2005, and 2008 International Religious Freedom reports, while the Religious Persecution measure is an average from the 2005 and 2008 reports. All other measures derived from the International Religious Freedom reports were coded from the reports 2008. A data file with all of the 2008 coding, as well as data files with other cross national collections are available for preview and download from the data archive on this site. Used with permission.

    20 The Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Dataset contains standards-based quantitative information on government respect for 15 internationally recognized human rights for 202 countries, annually from 1981-2011. It is designed for use by scholars and students who seek to test theories about the causes and consequences of human rights violations, as well as policy makers and analysts who seek to estimate the human rights effects of a wide variety of institutional changes and public policies including democratization, economic aid, military aid, structural adjustment, and humanitarian intervention. The full CIRI Human Rights Dataset can be accessed through the above link. Used with permission.

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