National / Regional Profiles
Included Nations/Regions: Sudan [x], Northern Africa [x], The World [x]
Religion and State (RAS) Indexes1
Religion Indexes (Sudan)
|
State Funding of Religion Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 46/253 |
Societal Discrimination of Minority Religions Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 49/253 |
State Regulation of Majority or All Religions Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 38/253 |
State Discrimination of Minority Religions Summary categories: None (0/3), Low (1/3), Medium (2/3), High (3/3) Ranking: 12/253 |
Sudan: Major World Religions (1900 - 2050) (World Religion Database, 2020)2
The following groups with less than 1% of the population were hidden from this graph: Baha'is, Buddhists, Chinese folk-religionists, Hindus, Jews.
Sudan: Largest Religious Groups (1900 - 2050) (World Religion Database, 2020)2
The following groups with less than 1% of the population were hidden from this graph: Agnostics, Atheists, doubly-affiliated, Independents, Mahayanists, Orthodox, Saktists, Shaivites, Shias, unaffiliated Christians, Vaishnavites.
Religious Adherents (World Religion Database 2020)2
| Religion | Sudan [x] |
Northern Africa [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baha'is | 0.01% | 0.02% | 0.11% |
| Buddhists | 0.00% | 0.01% | 6.83% |
| --Mahayanists | 0.00% | 0.01% | 4.89% |
| --Theravadins | --- | 0.01% | 1.72% |
| --Lamaists | --- | --- | 0.23% |
| Chinese folk-religionists | 0.00% | 0.01% | 5.98% |
| Christians | 4.50% | 4.74% | 32.16% |
| --unaffiliated Christians | 0.08% | 0.02% | 1.46% |
| --Orthodox | 0.23% | 3.62% | 3.75% |
| --Catholics | 2.51% | 0.58% | 15.90% |
| --Protestants | 1.86% | 0.54% | 7.51% |
| --Independents | 0.05% | 0.11% | 5.00% |
| Daoists | --- | --- | 0.11% |
| Confucianists | --- | --- | 0.11% |
| Ethnic religionists | 2.76% | 0.49% | 3.65% |
| Hindus | 0.00% | 0.00% | 13.58% |
| --Vaishnavites | 0.00% | 0.00% | 5.15% |
| --Shaivites | 0.00% | 0.00% | 4.86% |
| --Saktists | 0.00% | 0.00% | 3.57% |
| Jains | --- | --- | 0.08% |
| Jews | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.19% |
| Muslims | 91.67% | 94.00% | 24.20% |
| --Sunnis | 91.60% | 93.62% | 21.56% |
| --Shias | 0.07% | 0.15% | 2.44% |
| --Islamic schismatics | --- | 0.22% | 0.21% |
| New religionists | --- | --- | 0.85% |
| Shintoists | --- | --- | 0.04% |
| Sikhs | --- | 0.00% | 0.34% |
| Spiritists | --- | --- | 0.19% |
| Zoroastrians | --- | --- | 0.00% |
| Non-Religious | 1.05% | 0.73% | 11.57% |
| --Agnostics | 0.90% | 0.65% | 9.65% |
| --Atheists | 0.15% | 0.07% | 1.92% |
Religious demographics (Sudan)3
The country has an area of 967,500 square miles and a population of 40.2 million. Demographic data are estimated. Two-thirds to three-fourths of the population live in the 15 states of the north and are generally from Arabic-speaking Semitic groups. The remaining one-fourth to one-third of the population live in the south and are mostly Nilotic peoples.
An estimated 70 percent of the population is Muslim. Islam predominates in the north. Almost all Muslims are Sunni, although there are significant distinctions between followers of different Sunni traditions, particularly among Sufi brotherhoods.
An estimated 25 percent of the population holds traditional indigenous beliefs (animism), which are prevalent in rural areas throughout the country. Some animists have been baptized but do not identify themselves as Christians, or they combine Christian and animist practices.
Christians are the third largest religious group, traditionally concentrated in the south and the Nuba Mountains. Widespread displacement and migration during the long civil war increased the population of Christians living in the north. While many Christians have returned to the south, Khartoum still has a significant Christian population. The Roman Catholic Church of Sudan and the Episcopal Churches of Sudan estimate they have six million and five million baptized followers, respectively, although active churchgoers are far fewer.
There are very small but long-established groups of Orthodox Christians in Khartoum and other northern cities, including Coptic Orthodox and Greek Orthodox. There are also Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox communities in Khartoum and the east, largely made up of refugees and migrants. Other Christian groups with smaller followings include the Africa Inland Church, Armenian (Apostolic) Church, Sudan Church of Christ, Sudan Interior Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Sudan Pentecostal Church, Sudan Evangelical Presbyterian Church (in the north), Presbyterian Church of the Sudan (in the south), and the Seventh-day Adventist Church of Sudan.
Religion plays a prominent role in the complex system of political alliances. Northern Muslims have dominated the political and economic system since independence in 1956. Since the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in 2005, the Government of National Unity (GNU) has appointed both Muslims and Christians to prominent executive positions.
The dominant political power in Sudan, the National Congress Party (NCP), draws its support from conservative Arab Muslims in the north. Its previous incarnation, the National Islamic Front, ruled from 1989 to 1998. Northern opposition parties draw their support from different Sufi brotherhoods: the Umma Party is closely connected with Arab followers of the Ansar sect, and the Democratic Unionist Party with the Khatmia sect. Opposition parties typically include non-Arab Muslims from the north, east, and Darfur.
Following the civil war, the Sudanese People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) became the dominant political power in the south, and is the main coalition partner with the ruling National Congress Party (NCP) in the GNU. The SPLM draws its support from Southern Christians, but regularly engages with Muslim opposition parties and rebel groups in Darfur and the east.
Summary Information |
Sudan [x] |
Northern Africa [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Region | Northern Africa | The World | -- |
| Total Population4 | 26,896,430 | 205,113,992 | 7,335,774,068 |
| Area in square miles | 967,500 | 3,291,406 | 196,939,900 |
| Life Expectancy from birth, in years5 | 64.2 | 72.4 | 71.9 |
| Gross National Income per capita, in current international dollars5 | 4,290.0 | 9,794.0 | 16,101.0 |
| Description of Polity Score6 | (weakly autocratic) | -- | -- |
| Judicial Independence Composite Score, as average of scores for higher and lower courts7 | -1.5 | 0.0 | 0.8 |
| Official Religion(s)8 | Sunni Islam | -- | -- |
Sudan - Google Map
Religion and the State
Religion and State Collection (2014) |
Sudan [x] |
|---|---|
| Is proselytizing Legal?1 | No |
| Is religious registration someties denied?1 | Registration is required but sometimes denied |
| What are the consequences of registration?1 | Groups are officially required to register but groups which do not are not in any way restricted, except in that they may be denied status as a legal entity. |
| Official Support: The formal relationship between religion and state.1 | Preferred Religion |
| The extent to which religious education is mandatory in public schools.1 | Mandatory for some who have no ability to opt out; the course must be in religion but optional for others or there exists for some the option of taking a non-religious course on topics like ethics, philosophy, or religions of the world. |
| The extent to which funding is exclusive to one or a few religions.1 | Government funding of religion goes primarily to one religion but at least some other religions receive some funds. |
| The extent to which there are religious requirements and oaths for holding office.1 | Some or all officials must take an oath of office which includes mention of God or religion in general. |
Constitutional Features [ View Excerpts]
Features of Constitution |
Sudan [x] |
|---|---|
| Is there a constitution?9 | Yes |
| Does the constitution state an official religion?10 | not stated |
| Does the constitution provide for freedom of religion?10 | yes [ Articles 6, 38 ] |
| Does the constitution protect religious equality/non-discrimination?10 | yes [ Article 31 ] |
Constitution |
Sudan [x] |
|---|---|
| Constitution Year10 | 2005 |
| Last Amended10 | 2017 |
| Source10 | Constitute Project |
| Translation10 | Original was written in English. |
| Current as of10 | September 7, 2018 |
Socio-Economic Measures
Education |
Sudan [x] |
Northern Africa [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adult Literacy Rate, in percentage of adult population12 | 75.9 | 75.4 | 86.2 |
| Net Primary School Enrollment Rate, in percentage of population of official school age5 | 53.8 | 89.2 | 89.6 |
| Net Secondary School Enrollment Rate, in percentage of population of official school age5 | -- | -- | 65.1 |
Economic Measures |
Sudan [x] |
Northern Africa [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gross Domestic Product, in billions of current U.S. Dollars5 | 95.6 | -- | 75,845.1 |
| Imports, in million current-year U.S. dollars13 | 8,831.8 | -- | 20,150,355.0 |
| Exports, in million current-year U.S. dollars13 | 4,638.2 | -- | 20,790,015.7 |
| Economic Freedom Index, scaled from 0 min to 100 max14 | 48.8 | 54.8 | 62.9 |
| Human Development Index15 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
| 2013 Gender Inequality Index (GII)16 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| Gross National Income per capita, in current international dollars5 | 4,290.0 | 9,794.0 | 16,101.0 |
Military Measures |
Sudan [x] |
Northern Africa [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Composite Index of National Capability, in fraction of 117 | 0.0029977 | 0.00383175 | 0.005162584 |
| 2012 Military expenditure (% of GDP)5 | -- | 2.8 | -- |
Demographic and Health Measures |
Sudan [x] |
Northern Africa [x] |
The World [x] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total Population4 | 26,896,430 | 205,113,992 | 7,335,774,068 |
| Life Expectancy from birth, in years5 | 64.2 | 72.4 | 71.9 |
| 2012 Net Migration Rate (migrants per 1,000 population)5 | -800.0 | -1,787.3 | -- |
| Urban Percentage of Total Population13 | 34.0 | 52.9 | 54.3 |
| Urban Population Growth, by percentage13 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 2.0 |
| Fertility Rate, in total births per woman13 | 4.6 | 3.2 | 2.5 |
| Infant Mortality Rate, in deaths per 1000 live births13 | 44.8 | 24.2 | 30.5 |
| HIV Prevalence, in percentage of population ages 15-49 with HIV13 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.8 |
Other Measures on Religion, State, and Society
Constitution Clauses Related to Religion
Constitution Excerpts (clauses that reference religion) (Sudan)10
Preamble
...
Grateful to Almighty God ...
...
Mindful of religious ... diversity in the Sudan,
...
Further committed to gearing governance, in the coming phase of our political advancement, towards the enhancement of ... deepening of religious tolerance and building trust and confidence in the society generally,
...
Article 1. Nature of the state.
(1) The Republic of the Sudan is [a] ... multi-religious ... country where such diversities co-exist.
...
(3) The Sudan is an all embracing homeland where religions and cultures are sources of strength, harmony and inspiration.
Article 4. Fundamental bases of the constitution.
This Constitution is predicated upon and guided by the following principles:
...
(b) religions, beliefs, traditions and customs are the source of moral strength and inspiration for the Sudanese people,
...
Article 5. Sources of legislation.
(1) Nationally enacted legislation having effect only in respect of the Northern states of the Sudan shall have as its sources of legislation Islamic Sharia and the consensus of the people.
(2) Nationally enacted legislation applicable to Southern Sudan or states of Southern Sudan shall have as its sources of legislation popular consensus, the values and the customs of the people of the Sudan, including their traditions and religious beliefs, having regard to Sudan’s diversity.
(3) Where national legislation is currently in operation or is to be enacted and its source is religion or custom, then a state, and subject to Article 26(a) herein in the case of Southern Sudan, the majority of whose residents do not practice such religion or customs may:
(a) either introduce legislation so as to allow practices or establish institutions, in that state consistent with their religion or customs, or
(b) refer the law to the Council of States to be approved by a two-thirds majority of all the representatives or initiate national legislation which will provide for such necessary alternative institutions as may be appropriate.
Article 6. Religious rights.
The State shall respect the following religious rights:
(a) worship or assemble in connection with any religion or belief and to establish and maintain places for these purposes,
(b) establish and maintain appropriate charitable or humanitarian institutions,
(c) acquire and possess movable and immovable property and make, acquire and use the necessary articles and materials related to the rites or customs of a religion or belief,
(d) write, issue and disseminate religious publications,
(e) teach religion or belief in places suitable for these purposes,
(f) solicit and receive voluntary financial and other contributions from individuals, private and public institutions,
(g) train, appoint, elect or designate by succession appropriate religious leaders called for by the requirements and standards of any religion or belief,
(h) observe days of rest, celebrate holidays and ceremonies in accordance with the precepts of religious beliefs,
(i) communicate with individuals and communities in matters of religion and belief at national and international levels.
Article 13. Education, science, art and culture.
...
(5) The State shall protect Sudan’s ... places of national ... religious importance ...
...
Article 16. Morals and public integrity.
(1) The State shall enact laws to protect the society from corruption[,] delinquency and social evils and steer the society as a whole towards virtuous social values consistent with religions ... of the Sudan.
...
Article 20. Fiscal levies.
...
(2) Zakat is a duty on Muslims; its collection, expenditure and administration shall be regulated in the Northern states by law.
Article 23. Duties of the citizen.
...
(2) In particular every citizen shall:
...
(b) abhor violence, promote harmony, fraternity and tolerance among all people of the Sudan in order to transcend religious ... and sectarian divisions,
...
Article 31. Equality before the law.
All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without discrimination, as to ... religious creed ... to the equal protection of the law.
Article 36. Restrictions on death penalty.
(1) No death penalty shall be imposed, save as retribution, hudud or punishment for extremely serious offences in accordance with the law.
(2) The death penalty shall not be imposed on a person under the age of eighteen or a person who has attained the age of seventy except in cases of retribution or hudud.
...
Article 38. Freedom of creed and worship.
Every person shall have the right to the freedom of religious creed and worship, and to declare his religion or creed and manifest the same, by way of worship, education, practice or performance of rites or ceremonies, subject to requirements of law and public order; no person shall be coerced to adopt such faith, that he does not believe in, nor to practice rites or services to which he does not voluntarily consent to.
Article 39. Freedom of expression and media.
...
(3) All media shall abide by professional ethics, shall refrain from inciting religious ... hatred ...
Article 40. Freedom of assembly and association.
...
(3) No association shall function as a political party at the national level unless it has:
(a) its membership open to all Sudanese irrespective of religion ...
...
Article 44. Right to education.
(1) Education is a right for every citizen and the State shall provide access to education without discrimination as to religion ...
...
Article 47. Ethnic and cultural communities.
Ethnic and cultural communities shall have the right to freely enjoy and develop their particular cultures; members of such communities shall have the right to practice their beliefs ... observe their religions and raise their children within the framework of their respective cultures and customs.
Article 82. Duties of the government of national unity.
The Government of National Unity shall undertake the following duties:
...
(b) establishment of a decentralized democratic system of governance taking into account the ... religious ... diversity ...
...
Article 136. Guidelines for inclusiveness in the national civil service.
The National Civil Service, notably at the senior and middle-levels, shall be representative of the people of the Sudan; to ensure this, the following principles and guidelines shall be recognized and observed:
...
(c) no level of government shall discriminate against any qualified Sudanese citizen on the basis of religion ...
...
Article 154. Respect for human rights in the national capital.
Human rights and fundamental freedoms as specified in this Constitution, including respect for all religions, beliefs and customs, being of particular significance in the National Capital, which symbolizes national unity, shall be guaranteed and enforced in the National Capital.
Article 155. Law enforcement agencies in the national capital.
Law enforcement agencies of the National Capital shall be representative of the population of the Sudan and shall be adequately trained and made sensitive to the cultural, religious ... diversity in the Sudan.
Article 156. Dispensing justice in the national capital.
Without prejudice to the competence of any national institution to promulgate laws judges and law enforcement agencies shall, in dispensing justice and enforcing law in the National Capital, be guided by the following:
(a) tolerance shall be on the basis of peaceful coexistence between the Sudanese people of different cultures, religions and traditions,
...
(d) the judicial discretion of courts to impose penalties on non-Muslims shall observe the long-established Sharia principle that non-Muslims are not subject to prescribed penalties and therefore remitted penalties shall apply,
...
Article 157. The Non-Muslims Rights Special Commission.
(1) The Presidency shall establish in the National Capital a special commission for the rights of Non-Muslims which shall have the following functions:
(a) to ensure that the rights of Non-Muslims are protected in accordance with the general principles provided for under Articles 154 and 156 of this Constitution,
(b) ensure that Non-Muslims are not adversely affected by the application of the Sharia law in the National Capital.
(2) The special commission shall submit its observations and recommendations to the Presidency.
Article 185. Guiding principles for equitable sharing of resources and common wealth.
(1) Resources and common wealth of the Sudan shall be shared equitably to enable each level of government to discharge its legal and constitutional responsibilities and duties and to ensure that the quality of life, dignity and living conditions of all citizens are promoted without discrimination on grounds of ... religion ...
...
Article 201. Dual banking system.
...
(2) A dual banking system shall be established, and shall consist of an Islamic system that shall operate in Northern Sudan and a conventional banking system to operate in southern Sudan.
...
Article 202. Restructuring and management of the Central Bank of Sudan.
(1) The Central Bank of Sudan shall be restructured so as to reflect the duality of the banking system in the Sudan. The Central Bank of Sudan shall use and develop two sets of banking instruments, one Islamic and the other Conventional, to regulate and supervise the implementation of a single monetary policy through:
(a) an Islamic financing window in Northern Sudan under a Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of Sudan using Islamic financing instruments to implement the national monetary policy in Northern Sudan, and
(b) the Bank of Southern Sudan, headed by a Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of Sudan, to manage the conventional window using conventional financing instruments in implementing the same national monetary policy in Southern Sudan.
...
(8) All financial institutions shall be subject to internationally recognized regulatory and prudential standards for Islamic and conventional finance, as set by the Central Bank of Sudan.
...
Article 211. Powers of the President in the state of emergency.
The President of the Republic, with the consent of the First Vice President, may during the state of emergency take, by virtue of law or exceptional order, any measures that shall not derogate from the provisions of this Constitution and the Comprehensive Peace Agreement except as may be provided herein:
(a) to suspend part of the Bill of Rights. However, there shall be no infringement on ... the right of non-discrimination on the basis of ... religious creed ...
...
Schedule C: Powers of states.
The exclusive executive and legislative powers of a state of the Sudan shall be as follows:
...
(10) Regulation of religious matters;
...
[Articles pertaining to the government of Southern Sudan are omitted. See entry South Sudan.]
Variable Details
Sources
1 The Religion and State (RAS) Project is a university-based project located at Bar Ilan University in Ramat Gan, Israel and is directed by Jonathan Fox. Round 3 of the RAS includes all countries with populations of 250,000 or more as well as a sampling of smaller states and offers annual measures from 1990 to 2014. The methods used for conducting the RAS3 collection and the complete codebook can be reviewed online. Or, the codebook and data file can be downloaded free of charge here. For details on how the RAS indexes reported on the ARDA’s National Profiles were coded, constructed, and placed into categories, click here.2 Todd M. Johnson and Brian J. Grim, eds. World Religion Database (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2022).
3 The U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom Report is submitted to Congress annually by the Department of State in compliance with Section 102(b) of the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) of 1998. This report supplements the most recent Human Rights Reports by providing additional detailed information with respect to matters involving international religious freedom. It includes individual country chapters on the status of religious freedom worldwide. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. These State Department reports are open source.
4 The Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project: Demographics reports the estimates of religious demographics, both country by country and region by region. The RCS was created to fulfill the unmet need for a dataset on the religious dimensions of countries of the world, with the state-year as the unit of observation. It estimates populations and percentages of adherents of 100 religious denominations including second level subdivision within Christianity and Islam. The RCS Data Project would like to acknowledge, recognize, and express our deepest gratitude for the significant contributions of Todd M. Johnson the co-principal investigator of the World Religion Database.
5 Relying on agencies from each country, as well as a synthesis of data from United Nations divisions, Eurostate Demographic statistics, the U.S. Census international database, and its own data collection, the World Bank's Open Data site offers free and open access to data about development in countries around the globe.
6 The Center for Systemic Peace (CSP) is engaged in innovative research on the problem of political violence within the structural context of the dynamic global system. The Center supports scientific research and quantitative analysis in many issue areas related to the fundamental problems of violence in both human relations and societal-systemic development processes. The Center continually monitors political behavior in each of the world's major states and reports on emerging issues and persisting conditions related to the problems of political violence and "state failure." A dataset with these and other international measures can be downloaded from here. Used with permission. *Note: Polity Scores range from -10 to 10 and include the following categories: -10 to -9: strongly autocratic, -8 to -7 autocratic, -6 to -4 weakly autocratic, -3 to +3 anocratic, +4 to +6 weakly democratic, +7 to +8 democratic, +9 to +10 strongly democratic.
7 Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) is a new approach to conceptualizing and measuring democracy. V-Dem provides a multidimensional and disaggregated dataset that reflects the complexity of the concept of democracy as a system of rule that goes beyond simple presence of elections. The V-Dem project distinguishes between seven high-level principles of democracy: electoral, liberal, participatory, deliberative, egalitarian, majoritarian, and consensual, and collects data to measure these principles. A dataset with these and other international measures can be downloaded from here. Used with permission.
8 The Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project: Government Religious Preference (GRP) measures government-level favoritism toward, and disfavor against, 30 religious denominations. A series of ordered categorical variables index the state's institutional favoritism in 28 different ways. The variables are combined to form five composite indices for five broad components of state-religion: official status, religious education, financial support, regulatory burdens, and freedom of practice. The five components' composites in turn are further combined into a single composite score, the GRP score. The RCS Data Project would like to acknowledge, recognize, and express our deepest gratitude for the significant contributions of Todd M. Johnson, the principal investigator of the World Christian Database, the co-principal investigator of the World Religion Database, and co-author of the World Christian Encyclopedia series.
9 Data under the "Features of Constitution" heading are drawn from coding of the U.S. State Department's 2008 International Religious Freedom Reports conducted by researchers at the Association of Religion Data Archives. The article by Brian Grim and Roger Finke describes the coding of the International Religious Freedom reports. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
10 Text from country constitutions was copied from primary documents obtained online using a variety of sources, including the Constitute Project, World Constitutions Illustrated, and government sources. When the text was in a language other than English, it was translated to English by ARDA staff or with web-based translation utilities such as Google Translate. Emphases were added to the text by ARDA staff to differentiate religious content from non-religious content. Text is current to the date listed in the "Current as of" field shown above. Please contact us at
11 Freedom House is an independent non-governmental organization that offers measures of the extent to which governments are accountable to their own people; the rule of law prevails; and freedoms of expression, association, belief and respect for the rights of minorities and women are guaranteed. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
12 The CIA's World Factbook was created as an annual summary and update to the now defunct National Intelligence Survey (NIS) studies. The first classified Factbook was published in August 1962, and the first unclassified version was published in June 1971. The NIS program was terminated in 1973 except for the Factbook, map, and gazetteer components. The 1975 Factbook was the first to be made available to the public with sales through the US Government Printing Office (GPO). The year 2010 marks the 67th year of the World Factbook and its predecessor programs. The maps and flags are also from the World Factbook, which is an open source.
13 Relying on agencies from each country, as well as a synthesis of data from United Nations divisions, Eurostate Demographic statistics, the U.S. Census international database, and its own data collection, the World Bank's Open Data site offers free and open access to data about development in countries around the globe.
14 The Heritage Foundation/Wall Street Journal Index of Economic Freedom is a systematic, empirical measurement of economic freedom in countries throughout the world. A set of objective economic criteria are used to study and grade various countries for the annual publication of the Index of Economic Freedom. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
15 The United Nations Human Development Reports provide data and statistical analysis in various areas of human development. The Human Development Report (HDR) presents two types of statistics: the human development indicator tables, which provide a global assessment of country achievements in different areas of human development, and thematic statistical analysis. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
16 The 2013 Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality in achievements between women and men in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labor market. It varies between zero (when women and men fare equally) and one (when men or women fare poorly compared to the other in all dimensions). The health dimension is measured by two indicators: maternal mortality ratio and the adolescent fertility rate. The empowerment dimension is also measured by two indicators: the share of parliamentary seats held by each sex and by secondary and higher education attainment levels. The labor dimension is measured by women’s participation in the work force. Source: The United Nations Human Development Reports provide data and statistical analysis in various areas of human development. The Human Development Report (HDR) presents two types of statistics: the human development indicator tables, which provide a global assessment of country achievements in different areas of human development, and thematic statistical analysis. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission.
17 Military data is drawn from the National Material Capabilities (v4.0) dataset, which is a component of and hosted by the Correlates of War Project. The Correlates of War Project seeks to facilitate the collection, dissemination, and use of accurate and reliable quantitative data in international relations. Correlates of War data may be accessed through the above link. Used with permission.
18 The article by Brian Grim and Roger Finke describes the coding of the U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom reports. The 2003, 2005, and 2008 reports were coded by researchers at the Association of Religion Data Archives. The GRI, GFI and SRI values reported on the National Profiles are averages from the 2003, 2005, and 2008 International Religious Freedom reports, while the Religious Persecution measure is an average from the 2005 and 2008 reports. All other measures derived from the International Religious Freedom reports were coded from the reports 2008. A data file with all of the 2008 coding, as well as data files with other cross national collections are available for preview and download from the data archive on this site. Used with permission.
19 The Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Dataset contains standards-based quantitative information on government respect for 15 internationally recognized human rights for 202 countries, annually from 1981-2011. It is designed for use by scholars and students who seek to test theories about the causes and consequences of human rights violations, as well as policy makers and analysts who seek to estimate the human rights effects of a wide variety of institutional changes and public policies including democratization, economic aid, military aid, structural adjustment, and humanitarian intervention. The full CIRI Human Rights Dataset can be accessed through the above link. Used with permission.
