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Variables: Does the constitution protect religious equality/non-discrimination? (CON_EQUAL)1


Constitution: Non-discrimination?


NATION

REGION

CON_EQUAL1 [X]
Afghanistan South-Central Asia no
Akrotiri Western Asia (n/a)
Albania Southern Europe yes [ Article 18(2) ]
Algeria Northern Africa no
American Samoa Polynesia (n/a)
Andorra Southern Europe yes [ Article 6(1) ]
Angola Middle Africa yes [ Articles 23(2), 41(2) ]
Anguilla Caribbean (n/a)
Antarctica Antarctica (n/a)
Antigua and Barbuda Caribbean yes [ Section 3 ]
Argentina South America no
Armenia Western Asia yes [ Article 29 ]
Aruba Caribbean (n/a)
Australia Australia/New Zealand no
Austria Western Europe yes [ Article 7(1); Basic Law on General Rights, Article 14(2) ]
Azerbaijan Western Asia yes [ Article 25(III) ]
Bahamas, The Caribbean yes [ Article 15 ]
Bahrain Western Asia yes [ Article 18 ]
Bangladesh South-Central Asia yes [ Articles 2A, 28 ]
Barbados Caribbean yes [ Sections 11, 23 ]
Belarus Eastern Europe for religions, not persons [ Article 16 ]
Belgium Western Europe implicitly only [ Article 11 (implicitly only) ]
Belize Central America yes [ Sections 3, 16 ]
Benin Western Africa yes [ Article 26 ]
Bermuda Northern America (n/a)
Bhutan South-Central Asia yes [ Article 7(15) ]
Bolivia South America yes [ Article 14(II) ]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Southern Europe yes [ Article II, Section 4 ]
Botswana Southern Africa yes [ Sections 3, 15(3) ]
Bougainville Melanesia (n/a)
Brazil South America yes [ Article 5(VIII) ]
British Indian Ocean Territory Eastern Africa (n/a)
British Virgin Islands Caribbean (n/a)
Brunei South-Eastern Asia no
Bulgaria Eastern Europe yes [ Article 6(2) ]
Burkina Faso Western Africa yes [ Article 1 ]
Burma (Myanmar) South-Eastern Asia yes [ Section 348 ]
Burundi Eastern Africa yes [ Articles 13, 22 ]
Cambodia South-Eastern Asia yes [ Article 31 ]
Cameroon Middle Africa partially [ Preamble (13) ]
Canada Northern America yes [ 1982 Act, Section 15(1) ]
Cape Verde Western Africa yes [ Articles 1(2), 24, 49(2) ]
Caribbean Netherlands Caribbean (n/a)
Cayman Islands Caribbean (n/a)
Central African Republic Middle Africa yes [ Article 6 ]
Chad Middle Africa yes [ Article 14 ]
Channel Islands Northern Europe (n/a)
Chile South America no
China Eastern Asia yes, within limited scope [ Article 34 ]
China-Tibet Eastern Asia (n/a)
Christmas Island Australia/New Zealand (n/a)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands Australia/New Zealand (n/a)
Colombia South America yes [ Articles 13, 19 ]
Comoros Eastern Africa no
Congo, Democratic Republic of the Middle Africa partially [ Article 13 ]
Congo, Republic of the Middle Africa yes [ Article 15 ]
Cook Islands Polynesia (n/a)
Costa Rica Central America no
Cote d'Ivoire Western Africa yes [ Article 4 ]
Croatia Southern Europe yes [ Article 14 ]
Cuba Caribbean yes [ Articles 8, 42 ]
Curacao Caribbean (n/a)
Cyprus Western Asia yes [ Article 28(2) ]
Czech Republic Eastern Europe yes [ Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, Article 3(1) ]
Denmark Northern Europe yes [ Section 70 ]
Dhekelia Western Asia (n/a)
Djibouti Eastern Africa yes [ Article 1 ]
Dominica Caribbean yes [ Sections 1, 13 ]
Dominican Republic Caribbean yes [ Article 39 ]
Ecuador South America yes [ Article 11(2) ]
Egypt Northern Africa yes [ Article 53 ]
El Salvador Central America yes [ Article 3 ]
Equatorial Guinea Middle Africa yes [ Article 15(1) ]
Eritrea Eastern Africa yes [ Article 14(2) ]
Estonia Northern Europe yes [ Article 12 ]
Ethiopia Eastern Africa yes [ Article 25 ]
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) South America (n/a)
Faroe Islands Northern Europe (n/a)
Fiji Melanesia yes [ Sections 4(3)(a), 26(3)(a) ]
Finland Northern Europe yes [ Section 6 ]
France Western Europe yes [ Article 1 ]
French Guiana South America (n/a)
French Polynesia Polynesia (n/a)
Gabon Middle Africa yes [ Articles 1(13), 2 ]
Gambia, The Western Africa yes [ Sections 17(2), 33 ]
Georgia Western Asia yes [ Articles 14, 38(1) ]
Germany Western Europe yes [ Article 3(3) ]
Ghana Western Africa yes [ Articles 12(2), 17(2), 35(5) ]
Gibraltar Southern Europe (n/a)
Greece Southern Europe yes [ Article 5(2) ]
Greenland Northern America (n/a)
Grenada Caribbean yes [ Section 13 ]
Guadeloupe Caribbean (n/a)
Guam Micronesia (region) (n/a)
Guatemala Central America no
Guernsey Northern Europe (n/a)
Guinea Western Africa yes [ Articles 1, 4, 8 ]
Guinea-Bissau Western Africa yes [ Article 24 ]
Guyana South America yes [ Article 149 ]
Haiti Caribbean no
Honduras Central America no
Hong Kong Eastern Asia (n/a)
Hungary Eastern Europe yes [ Article XV(2) ]
Iceland Northern Europe yes [ Articles 64, 65 ]
India South-Central Asia yes [ Article 15(1) ]
Indonesia South-Eastern Asia no
Iran South-Central Asia no
Iraq Western Asia yes [ Article 14 ]
Ireland Northern Europe yes [ Article 44(2)(3°) ]
Isle of Man Northern Europe (n/a)
Israel Western Asia no, but law functions in its place
Italy Southern Europe yes [ Articles 3, 8 ]
Jamaica Caribbean yes [ Section 13(3)(i) ]
Japan Eastern Asia yes [ Article 14 ]
Jersey Northern Europe (n/a)
Jordan Western Asia yes [ Article 6(1) ]
Kazakhstan South-Central Asia implied only [ Article 14(2) ]
Kenya Eastern Africa yes [ Articles 27(4), 32(3) ]
Kiribati Micronesia (region) yes [ Sections 3, 15 ]
Korea, (North) Democratic Republic of Eastern Asia partial [ Article 66 ]
Korea, (South) Republic of Eastern Asia yes [ Article 11(1) ]
Kosovo Southern Europe yes [ Article 24(2) ]
Kuwait Western Asia yes [ Article 29 ]
Kyrgyzstan South-Central Asia yes [ Article 16(2) ]
Laos South-Eastern Asia yes [ Article 35 ]
Latvia Northern Europe no
Lebanon Western Asia no
Lesotho Southern Africa yes [ Sections 4(1), 18(3) ]
Liberia Western Africa yes [ Articles 11(b), 14 ]
Libya Northern Africa yes [ Article 6 ]
Liechtenstein Western Europe yes [ Article 39 ]
Lithuania Northern Europe yes [ Article 29 ]
Luxembourg Western Europe no
Macau Eastern Asia (n/a)
Macedonia Southern Europe yes [ Article 9 ]
Madagascar Eastern Africa yes [ Article 6 ]
Malawi Eastern Africa yes [ Article 20(1) ]
Malaysia South-Eastern Asia yes [ Article 8(2) ]
Maldives South-Central Asia no
Mali Western Africa yes [ Article 2 ]
Malta Southern Europe yes [ Articles 32, 45(1) ]
Marshall Islands Micronesia (region) yes [ Article II, Section 12(2) ]
Martinique Caribbean (n/a)
Mauritania Western Africa no
Mauritius Eastern Africa yes [ Sections 3, 16 ]
Mayotte Eastern Africa (n/a)
Mexico Central America yes [ Article 1 ]
Micronesia, Federated States of Micronesia (region) no
Moldova Eastern Europe yes [ Article 16(2) ]
Monaco Western Europe no
Mongolia Eastern Asia yes [ Article 14(2) ]
Montenegro Southern Europe no
Montserrat Caribbean (n/a)
Morocco Northern Africa no
Mozambique Eastern Africa yes [ Articles 35, 54(2) ]
Namibia Southern Africa yes [ Article 10(2) ]
Nauru Micronesia (region) yes [ Article 3 ]
Nepal South-Central Asia yes [ Article 18(3) ]
Netherlands Western Europe yes [ Article 1 ]
New Caledonia Melanesia (n/a)
New Zealand Australia/New Zealand yes [ Human Rights Act, Section 21(1)(c-d) ]
Nicaragua Central America yes [ Article 27 ]
Niger Western Africa yes [ Article 8 ]
Nigeria Western Africa yes [ Sections 15(2), 42(1) ]
Niue Polynesia (n/a)
Norfolk Island Australia/New Zealand (n/a)
Northern Cyprus Western Asia no
Northern Mariana Islands Micronesia (region) (n/a)
Norway Northern Europe no
Occupied Palestinian Territories Western Asia yes [ Article 9 ]
Oman Western Asia yes [ Article 17 ]
Pakistan South-Central Asia partial [ Articles 26, 27 ]
Palau Micronesia (region) yes [ Article IV, Section 5 ]
Panama Central America yes [ Article 19 ]
Papua New Guinea Melanesia yes [ Section 55(1) ]
Paraguay South America yes [ Article 24 ]
Peru South America yes [ Article 2(2) ]
Philippines South-Eastern Asia no
Pitcairn Islands Polynesia (n/a)
Poland Eastern Europe yes [ Article 25(2) ]
Portugal Southern Europe yes [ Article 13(2) ]
Puerto Rico Caribbean (n/a)
Qatar Western Asia yes [ Article 35 ]
Reunion Eastern Africa (n/a)
Romania Eastern Europe yes [ Article 4(2) ]
Russia Eastern Europe yes [ Article 19 ]
Rwanda Eastern Africa yes [ Article 16 ]
Saint Barthelemy Caribbean (n/a)
Saint Helena Western Africa (n/a)
Saint Kitts and Nevis Caribbean yes [ Sections 3, 15 ]
Saint Lucia Caribbean yes [ Sections 1, 13 ]
Saint Martin Caribbean (n/a)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon Northern America (n/a)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Caribbean yes [ Sections 1, 13 ]
Samoa Polynesia yes [ Article 15(2) ]
San Marino Southern Europe yes [ Declaration of Citizens' Rights, Article 4 ]
Sao Tome and Principe Middle Africa yes [ Article 15(1) ]
Saudi Arabia Western Asia no
Senegal Western Africa yes [ Article 5 ]
Serbia Southern Europe yes [ Article 21 ]
Seychelles Eastern Africa no
Sierra Leone Western Africa yes [ Articles 6(2), 13(e), 15 ]
Singapore South-Eastern Asia yes [ Article 12(2) ]
Sint Maarten Caribbean (n/a)
Slovakia Eastern Europe yes [ Article 12(2) ]
Slovenia Southern Europe yes [ Article 14 ]
Solomon Islands Melanesia yes [ Sections 3, 15 ]
Somalia Eastern Africa yes [ Article 11 ]
Somaliland Eastern Africa (n/a)
South Africa Southern Africa yes [ Section 9(3) ]
South Sudan Eastern Africa yes [ Articles 8(2), 14 ]
Spain Southern Europe yes [ Section 14 ]
Spanish North Africa Northern Africa (n/a)
Sri Lanka South-Central Asia yes [ Article 12(2) ]
Sudan Northern Africa yes [ Article 31 ]
Suriname South America yes [ Article 8(2) ]
Svalbard Northern Europe (n/a)
Swaziland Southern Africa yes [ Sections 14(3), 20(2,3) ]
Sweden Northern Europe yes [ Instrument of Government, Chapter 1, Article 2 ]
Switzerland Western Europe yes [ Article 8(2) ]
Syria Western Asia yes [ Article 33(3) ]
Taiwan Eastern Asia yes [ Article 7 ]
Tajikistan South-Central Asia yes [ Article 17 ]
Tanzania Eastern Africa yes [ Article 13 ]
Thailand South-Eastern Asia yes [ Article 27 ]
Timor-Leste South-Eastern Asia yes [ Article 16(2), Article 45(2) ]
Togo Western Africa yes [ Articles 2, 11 ]
Tokelau Polynesia (n/a)
Tonga Polynesia no
Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean yes [ Section 4 chapeau ]
Tunisia Northern Africa no
Turkey Western Asia yes [ Article 10 ]
Turkmenistan South-Central Asia yes [ Article 28 ]
Turks and Caicos Islands Caribbean (n/a)
Tuvalu Polynesia yes [ Sections 11(1), 27(1-2) ]
Uganda Eastern Africa yes [ Article 21(2) ]
Ukraine Eastern Europe yes [ Article 24 ]
United Arab Emirates Western Asia yes [ Article 25 ]
United Kingdom Northern Europe by law in place of constitution
United States (General) Northern America implied only [ Fifth Amendment, Equal Protection component of Due Process Clause; Fourteenth Amendment, Equal Protection Clause ]
Uruguay South America no
Uzbekistan South-Central Asia yes [ Article 18 ]
Vanuatu Melanesia yes [ Article 5(1) ]
Vatican City Southern Europe (n/a)
Venezuela South America yes [ Article 21(1) ]
Vietnam South-Eastern Asia yes [ Article 24(1) ]
Virgin Islands (U.S.) Caribbean (n/a)
Wallis and Futuna Polynesia (n/a)
Western Sahara Northern Africa (n/a)
Yemen Western Asia no
Zambia Eastern Africa yes [ Article 23 ]
Zimbabwe Eastern Africa yes [ Article 56(3) ]
     

Sources

1 Text from country constitutions was copied from primary documents obtained online using a variety of sources, including the Constitute Project, World Constitutions Illustrated, and government sources. When the text was in a language other than English, it was translated to English by ARDA staff or with web-based translation utilities such as Google Translate. Emphases were added to the text by ARDA staff to differentiate religious content from non-religious content. Text is current to the date listed in the "Current as of" field shown above. Please contact us at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. if you are aware of any incorrect information provided on this page.

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